Call for Signatures on Sexual Harassment Statement

A year ago, Jan Dowell and I posted a statement on sexual harassment in philosophy. The statement includes several recommended preventative or ameliorative actions people and departments might take.  The post concludes with a request that philosophers sign the statement. We were gratified by the number of signatures we received last year. To draw attention back to these issues, we are reposting the statement and asking those who have yet to sign to consider doing so.

To help folks think about this, yesterday we posted an essay by Kate Manne on Himpathy. With her words ringing in your ears, we ask you to consider whether you might be willing to add your name to the statement below. (You might also be interested in familiarizing yourself with the data on the frequency and harms of harassment previously posted here.) If you are willing to sign, please do so by adding a comment below which includes your name, rank, and institutional affiliation. (We should note that, while if we were writing the statement today, we might be tempted to make a few changes, we are no longer able to do so, given the number of signatures we have already received.)

Many thanks for your consideration and attention.

The Statement:

The #MeToo movement has raised awareness of both the pervasiveness of sexual harassment and assault and their debilitating impact on victims.  Addressing the problem in academia, however, raises special challenges.  Tenure can afford perpetrators strong protections. And even where universities are in a position to act against one of its own employees, they are relatively powerless to act against those who harass on their campus, but work elsewhere. Moreover, professional standing and power, together with the very real threat of retaliation, give victims and witnesses strong incentives to keep silent, as well as perpetrators’ friends and colleagues incentives to protect and support them. Nonetheless, there are actions that individuals and departments can take to help protect victims and potential victims from bearing the full and very significant cost of harassment and assault.

First, individuals can support victims by acting in ways that make coming forward easier.  There are many ways to do this.  One simple way is by being mindful that, when harassment is discussed in professional settings, there is a good chance that a party to the conversation is a victim, knows a victim, or will later advise a victim.  Avoid minimizing allegations against someone when you have no specific information about the case. Otherwise you risk conveying to victims and their would-be supporters that your default response will be to doubt their complaints.

A second way to support victims is by expressing sympathy and condemning harassment when it is discussed in professional settings. This may seem unnecessary, as sympathy and condemnation are too obviously warranted to require expression. But this is clearly not obvious to everyone; if it were, harassment wouldn’t be the fairly pervasive and tolerated problem that it is.  To a victim, a failure to express sympathy can easily be interpreted as indifference or knee-jerk doubt.  Open condemnation of harassment suggests to victims that you are aware of their suffering, that it is safe to talk to you, and that you would support them should they choose to come forward. This can be enormously empowering for survivors.

Third, be alert to the problem, so you can act to protect potential victims. Perpetrators of harassment can and do professionally retaliate against their victims.  Indeed, they frequently target those against whom it would be easy for them to retaliate, such as people they write letters for.  But even whispered doubts about a job candidate by a non-letter writer can have a negative impact.  This often makes simply discussing a problem, let alone lodging a complaint, quite risky.   By being someone who is clearly safe to talk to,[1]you can increase your awareness of who the bad actors are.

Fourth, do what you can to protect potential victims from those reasonably suspected of being bad actors.  This is more difficult than the above suggestions, since it requires assessing what counts as evidence sufficient for such suspicion and this, in turn, raises the question of what sort of evidence is sufficient for which types of action.

We begin with our proposed policies and follow with the sorts of evidence we’ll argue are sufficient for implementing them. Withholding opportunities to give talks, as well as to place papers in invited volumes, can be an effective tool in fighting harassment. First, withholding speaking invitations helps keep perpetrators out of contact with possible victims.  Second, in academia, prestige is the coin of the realm, giving perpetrators the power and access to potential victims that they need to operate without consequence.  Depriving perpetrators of professional opportunities undercuts their ability to find and retaliate against victims. As editors of invited volumes, we might decline to include any paper by those we have sufficient evidence to believe a predator. As authors, we might similarly refuse to participate in volumes which include work by such individuals.  Finally, broadcasting a departmental policy of not extending talk or conference invitations to individuals a department has sufficient grounds for thinking a bad actor can help rig the payoffs against harassment everywhere.  Departments might circulate a list of possible speakers to their members before any invitations are issued. In that way, a department might internally pool its information about individuals, to determine whether collectively it has evidence it deems sufficient to take a candidate off its list of possible invitees.

Before turning to a discussion of sufficient evidence, two points are important to underscore. First, opportunities to give talks, as well as to place papers in invited volumes, are professional goods no one is entitled to. Widely accepted professional practice already confers on departments and volume editors extensive latitude in determining to whom invitations will be extended.  (For example, it is widely regarded as permissible for a department to decline to issue invitations to those unwilling to engage with graduate students or to those who are non-responsive to criticisms of their work.) These together make withholding such professional privileges, when sufficient evidence suggests doing so would serve as a tool to protect students and fight harassment, permissible. Second, because we are currently discussing cases where there is evidence sufficient to justify withholding some sorts of invitations but not sufficient, perhaps, to justify public accusation or other action, it is important that departments or individuals that decide to adopt any of the policies recommended here take steps to ensure that exclusions remain confidential matters.  This is to protect complainants, as well as suspected bad actors.  In the case of department policies, we recommend that information about individuals on a possible speakers list be communicated directly justto the faculty member in charge of issuing invitations.  To be clear: We do NOT advocate that such discussions take place in department meetings.

Implementing such policies requires clear rules for what counts as evidence sufficient for acting on them.  Spelling out such rules precisely is no doubt complicated. Here we list two sorts of evidence we think should be generally recognized as sufficient to warrant their implementation.

Easy cases involve first-personal experience.  Tougher cases involve sorting through testimony. To head off possible sources of controversy about when testimonial evidence should suffice to warrant action, first a reminder.  There are two types of individuals who have stakes in the actions suggested below: There are those who would be identified as possible bad actors and those who are victims or possible victims.  Discussions of harassment frequently focus on the former.  And there should be some focus on the former. Being incorrectly identified as a possible bad actor and deprived of the opportunities just mentioned would be bad for the person so identified.  This means our evidential standards should be reasonably high. Having said that, though, we equally need to recognize the very serious consequences of harassment on victims.[2] Not acting may have very significant costs.

First, compelling first-personal testimony from someone you know to be highly reliable is certainly sufficient to warrant taking someone off a possible speaker or volume participant list. Second-personal testimony from multiple, independent, and highly reliable sources is also sufficient. For example, if you know three or more highly reliable individuals who report that they have direct, independent, reliable, first-personal testimony concerning the same individual, you clearly have sufficient grounds for withholding professional invitations.[3]

Two considerations further support this. First, the incidence of false accusations for harassment and assault are quite low.[4]This is not surprising.  Harassment and assault are underreported crimes partly because the possibility of retaliation makes reporting quite risky, particularly when a victim shares a profession with her assailant.  But false accusations also open accusers to retaliation. The cost/benefit calculation in both cases favors silence.  We should expect that those who come forward at great cost to themselves are very likely telling the truth.

Moreover, the evidential standard of ‘innocent until proven guilty,’ while appropriate in criminal cases or other contexts in which individuals may stand to lose their rights or freedom, are inappropriate here. Outside of such contexts, we justly place the right persons have to be free from sexual harassment and assault ahead of the mere interest persons have in professional opportunities to which they are not entitled. Thus, given the base rates of the respective harmful actions and the discrepancy in the stakes and rights involved in the cases under discussion here, we think a policy of the sort outlined above makes good sense.

In sum, we can do a good deal to decrease harassment and support victims in our profession.  We can vocalize our support for victims.  We can broadcast that we are sympathetic to victims of harassment and generally treat such allegations as credible and serious. We can encourage our departments to institute a policy of not bringing to campus anyone department members collectively have good grounds for thinking a bad actor.  And we can refuse to include in volumes or participate in volumes which include those who we have good grounds for thinking a bad actor. Although there may be costs to those who choose to fight harassment in any of these ways, the costs of not doing so for victims and potential victims are much greater.

[1]It is important to determine if you are a mandatory reporter of sexual harassment or sexual assault under Title IX and/or the Clery Act. Many who are do not realize this fact. If you are: 1) Find out what office you must report complaints to and get training from that office, 2) Let those who may confide in you know that you are a mandatory reporter, 3) Assure complainants that this does not bind them to any action; they will be asked whether they want to pursue a complaint by the relevant office.

[2]Just focusing on health effects, these range from short-term inability to concentrate to long-term insomnia, depression, anxiety, and ptsd. These, or the threat of retaliation, may necessitate university, subfield, or career changes.

https://harass.stanford.edu/be-informed/effects-sexual-harassment

https://www.nbcnews.com/better/health/hidden-health-effects-sexual-harassment-ncna810416

https://www.livescience.com/16949-sexual-harassment-health-effects.html

For further information, see the first post in this series.

[3]To underscore: We are opposed to the creation of or reliance on anonymously crowd-sourced, public accusations.

[4]While there are challenges to obtaining reliable data, research suggests the level of false reporting of sexual assault is between 2% and 10%. “False Allegations of Sexual Assault: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases,” by David Lisak, Lori Gardinier, Sarah C. Nicksa, and Ashley M. Cote in Violence Against Women16(12) 1318–1334. According to the National Registry of Exonerations, since records began in 1989, in the US there are only 52 cases where men convicted of sexual assault were exonerated because it turned out they were falsely accused. By way of comparison, in the same period, there are 790 cases in which people were exonerated for murder.

1. Jan Dowell, Professor, Syracuse University
2. David Sobel, Irwin and Marjorie Guttag Professor of Ethics and Political Philosophy, Syracuse University
3. Stephen Darwall, Andrew Downey Orrick Professor of Philosophy, Yale University; John Dewey Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
4. Elizabeth Anderson, John Dewey Distinguished University Professor, John Rawls Collegiate Professor, Arthur F. Thurnau Professor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
5. Brian Weatherson, Marshall M. Weinberg Professor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
6. Russ Shafer-Landau, Professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison
7. Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Morehead Cain Alumni Distinguished Professor, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
8. Kate Abramson, Associate Professor, University of Indiana-Bloomington
9. Douglas Portmore, Professor, Arizona State University
10. Ray Briggs, Professor, Stanford University
11. Branden Fitelson, Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, Northeastern University
12. Kenny Easwaran, Associate Professor, Texas A&M University
13. Mark Schroeder, Professor, University of Southern California
14. Valerie Tiberius, Paul W. Frenzel Chair in Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota
15. Tad Schmaltz, Professor and Chair, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
16. Philip Pettit, L.S. Rockefeller University Professor of Politics and Human Values, Princeton University
17. David McNaughton, Professor Emeritus, Keele and Florida State University; Honorary Professor, University of Edinburgh
18. Jessica Collins, Associate Professor, Columbia University
19. Sanford C. Goldberg, Professor, Northwestern University
20. David Brink, Distinguished Professor, University of California-San Diego
21. Sara Protasi, Assistant Professor, University of Puget Sound
22. Terence Cuneo, Marsh Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, University of Vermont
23. Dan Korman, Professor, University of California-Santa Barbara
24. Jonathan Quong, Professor of Philosophy and Law, University of Southern California
25. Justin D’Arms, Professor, Ohio State University
26. Fabrizio Cariani, Associate Professor, Northwestern University
27. Shen-yi Liao, Assistant Professor, University of Puget Sound
28. David Braun, Professor, Patrick and Edna A. Romanell Chair in Philosophy, University at Buffalo
29. Robin Jeshion, Professor, University of Southern California
30. Michael G. Titelbaum, Professor and Chair, University of Wisconsin-Madison
31. Andy Egan, Professor, Rutgers University
32. Janet Levin, Professor, University of Southern California
33. Larry Shapiro, Professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison
34. Ned Markosian, Professor, University of Massachusetts-Amherst
35. Shieva Kleinschmidt, Associate Professor, University of Southern California
36. Joshua Schechter, Associate Professor, Brown University
37. Ralph Wedgwood, Professor, University of Southern California
38. Luca Ferrero, Professor, University of California-Riverside
39. Andrews Reath, Professor, University of California-Riverside
40. Elizabeth Brake, Professor, Rice University
41. Kate Manne, Associate Professor, Cornell University
42. Desiree Melton, Professor of Philosophy, Associate Chair, Liberal Arts
43. Gary Watson, Provost Professor Emeritus of Law and Philosophy, University of Southern California
44. Susanna Schellenberg, Professor, Rutgers University
45. Ruth Chang, Chair and Professor of Jurisprudence, Oxford University
46. Ariela Tubert, Professor, University of Puget Sound
47. Justin Tiehen, Professor, University of Puget Sound
48. Mark van Roojen, Professor, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
49. Rachana Kamtekar, Professor, Cornell University
50. Amy Kind, Russell K. Pitzer Professor of Philosophy; Director, The Gould Center for Humanistic Studies, Claremont McKenna College
51. Sergio Tenenbaum, Professor, University of Toronto
52. Helen Frowe, Professor, Stockholm University
53. Hille Paakkunainen, Associate Professor, Syracuse University
54. Alan Sidelle, Professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison
55. Dale Dorsey, Professor and Chair, University of Kansas
56. Sally Haslanger, Ford Professor of Philosophy and Women’s and Gender Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
57. Joshua Spencer, Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
58. Scott Sturgeon, Professor, University of Birmingham
59. Michelle Kosch, Professor, Cornell University
60. Maya Eddon, Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts-Amherst
61. Christopher Meacham, Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts-Amherst
62. Kai von Fintel, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
63. Elisabeth Camp, Professor, Rutgers University
64. Matthew McGrath, Professor, Rutgers University
65. Jennifer Lackey, Wayne and Elizabeth Jones Professor, Northwestern University
66. Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Associate Professor, University of British Columbia
67. Carrie Jenkins, Professor, Canada Research Chair, University of British Columbia
68. Baron Reed, Professor, Northwestern University
69. Rebecca Kukla, Professor and Senior Research Scholar in the Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University
70. Jennifer Nagel, Professor, University of Toronto
71. Lynne Tirrell, Associate Professor, University of Connecticut-Storrs
72. Dorit Bar-on, Professor, University of Connecticut-Storrs
73. Keith Simmons, Professor, University of Connecticut-Storrs
74. Sarah Moss, Associate Professor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
75. Eric Swanson, Associate Professor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
76. Mitzi Lee, Associate Professor, University of Colorado-Boulder
77. Michael Nelson, Associate Professor, University of California-Riverside
78. Stephen Yablo, David Skinner W. Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
79. Lawrence Blum, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and Distinguished Professor of Liberal Arts (Race, Education, and Moral Philosophy), University of Massachusetts-Boston
80. Elliot Sober, Hans Reichenbach Professor & William F. Vilas Research Professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison
81. Selim Berker, Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civic Polity, Harvard University
82. Jennifer McKitrick, Professor, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
83. Asta, Professor, San Francisco State University
84. Lori Gruen, William Griffin Professor, Wesleyan University
85. Audrey Yap, Associate Professor, University of Victoria
86. Samantha Brennan, Professor, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, University of Guelph
87. Karen Jones, Associate Professor, University of Melbourne
88. Jeff Speaks, Professor, University of Notre Dame
89. Katherine Jenkins, Assistant Professor, University of Nottingham
90. Claire Horisk, Associate Professor, University of Missouri-Columbia
91. Nicholas Southwood, Associate Professor; ARC Future Fellow; Director, Centre for Moral, Social and Political Theory; Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University
92. Justin Weinberg, Associate Professor, University of South Carolina
93. Daniel Star, Associate Professor, Boston University
94. Sarah Sawyer, Professor, University of Sussex
95. Anita Superson, Professor, University of Kentucky
96. Brookes Brown, Assistant Professor, Clemson University
97. Carolyn Dicey Jennings, Associate Professor, University of California, Merced
98. Ram Neta, Professor, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
99. Clayton Littlejohn, Professor, King’s College London
100. Daniel Groll, Associate Professor, Chair, Carleton College
101. Rosa Terlazzo, Associate Professor, University of Rochester
102. Travis Timmerman, Assistant Professor, Seton Hall University
103. Angela Mendelovici, Associate Professor, Western University
104. Serene Khader, Professor, CUNY
105. Aidan McGlynn, Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh
106. RJ Leland, Assistant Professor, University of Manitoba
107. L. Syd Johnson, Associate Professor, SUNY Upstate Medical University
108. Rima Basu, Assistant Professor, Claremont McKenna College
109. Daniel Greco, Assistant Professor, Yale University
110. Simon Evnine, Professor, University of Miami
111. Frances Egan, Professor, Rutgers University
112. Eddy Nahmias, Professor and Chair, Georgia State University
113. Adam R. Thompson, Instructor, University of Nebraska
114. Julie R. Klein, Associate Professor & Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy, Villanova University
115. Erich Hatala Matthes, Associate Professor, Wellesley College
116. Alice Pinheiro Walla, W1 Professor of Political Philosophy, University of Bayreuth, Germany
117. Cheyney Ryan, Senior Research Fellow, Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University
118. Martin Lenz, Professor, University of Groningen
119. Julia Nefsky, Assistant Professor, University of Toronto
120. Elizabeth Scarbrough, Lecturer, Florida International University
121. Benjamin Yost, Associate Professor, Providence College
122. Mark Alfano, TU-Delft & Australian Catholic University
123. Christina Hendricks, Professor of Teaching, University of British Columbia
124. Naomi Scheman, Professor emerita, University of Minnesota
125. Hayley Clatterbuck, Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison
126. David Estlund, Lombardo Family Professor of Humanities and Philosophy, Brown University
127. Diana Wilson, Professor Emerita, Department of English, University of Denver
128. David Faraci, Assistant Professor, Durham University
129. Caroline T. Arruda, Associate Professor, The University of Texas at El Paso
130. Gunnar Björnsson, Professor, Stockholm University
131. Stephen Finlay, Director, Dianoia Institute of Philosophy, Australian Catholic University and Professor, University of Southern California
132. Steven Swartzer, Teaching Assistant Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
133. Heidi Howkins Lockwood, Professor, Southern CT State University
134. Ben Mitchell-Yellin, Assistant Professor, Sam Houston State University
135. Kian Mintz-Woo, Lecturer, Princeton University
136. Mark Walker, Professor and Richard L. Hedden Chair of Advanced Philosophical Studies, New Mexico State University
137. Preston J. Werner, Lecturer, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
138. Amelia Hicks, Assistant Professor, Kansas State University
139. Dominic Mciver Lopes FRSC, Professor, University of British Columbia
140. Joseph Van Weelden, Assistant Professor, Ahmedabad University
141. Esa Diaz-Leon, Associate Professor, University of Barcelona
142. Mark Herman, Lecturer, Arkansas State University
143. Joshua Alexander, Professor, Siena College
144. Scott Woodcock, University of Victoria
145. Erich Hatala Matthes, Associate Professor, Wellesley College
146. Mahesh Ananth, Associate Professor, Indiana University, South Bend
147. Daniel Star, Associate Professor, Boston University
148. Joseph Shieber, Associate Professor, Lafayette College
149. Nicole Dular, Assistant Professor, Franklin College
150. Yashar Saghai, Assistant Professor, University of Twente, The Netherlands
151. Jeff Kasser, Associate Professor, Colorado State University
152. Juan Pablo Bermúdez, Assistant Professor, Externado de Colombia University & Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Neuchâtel
153. Malcolm Keating, Assistant Professor, Yale-NUS College, Singapore
154. Shaun Miller, Independent Scholar
155. Jordan Baker; Post-Doctoral Teaching Lecturer; Department of Philosophy, University of Tennessee- Knoxville.
156. Richard Greene, Professor, Weber State University
157. Wayne C. Myrvold, Professor, Dept. of Philosophy, The University of Western Ontario
158. J. Adam Carter, Reader in Epistemology, University of Glasgow
159. Jennifer Morton, Associate Professor, UNC-Chapel HIll
160. Christian Barry, Professor, Australian National University
161. Samuel Asarnow, Assistant Professor, Macalester College
162. Paul Firenze, Assistant Professor, Wentworth Institute of Technology
163. Nick Laskowski, Assistant Professor, Cal State Long Beach
164. Keshav Singh, Assistant Professor, Syracuse University
165. Marcus Arvan, Chair & Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Tampa
166. Shawn Standefer, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Melbourne
167. Anne Jeffrey, Assistant Professor, Baylor University
168. Michel-Antoine Xhignesse, Instructor, Capilano University
169. Peter Baumann, Department of Philosophy, Swarthmore College
170. Bill Vanderburgh, Professor, California State University San Bernardino
171. Alastair Wilson, Professor, University of Birmingham
172. Reshef Agam-Segal, Associate Prof. VMI, USA
173. Katie Stockdale, Assistant Professor, University of Victoria
174. Neil Levy, Macquarie University and University of Oxford.
175. Erin Beeghly, Associate Professor, University of Utah
176. Jill Hernandez, Professor of Philosophy, Dean of the College of Arts & Humanities, Central Washington University
177. Lisa Miracchi, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania
178. Kaila Draper, Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Delaware
179. Nawzad Jamal, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy- University of Erbil. Kurdstan Region.
180. Daniel J. Singer, Associate Professor, University of Pennsylvania
181. Vidya Mary George, Research Scholar, Goa University, India
182. Simon Barker, Guest Lecturer, University of Tartu
183. Thomas Hodgson, Specially appointed research professor, School of Philosophy and Sociology, Shanxi University
184. Lenny Clapp, Professor, Northern Illiniois University
185. Muhammad Ali Khalidi, Presidential Professor of Philosophy, CUNY Graduate Center
186. Alicia Finch, Associate Professor, Northern Illinois University
187. Lauren Leydon-Hardy, Assistant Professor, Amherst College
188. Michael Rea, Rev. John A. O’Brien Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame
189. Kristen Irwin, Assistant Professor, Loyola University Chicago
190. Karen Adkins, Professor, Regis University
191. Greta Turnbull, Assistant Professor, Gonzaga University
192. Jonathan Tsou, Associate Professor, Iowa State University
193. Christie Hartley, Professor, Georgia State University
194. Jonathan Rutledge, Research Fellow, University of St Andrews
195. Kevin Timpe, William H. Jellema Chair, Calvin University
196. Blake Hereth, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Arkansas
197. Errol Lord, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania
198. Laura Schroeter, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Melbourne
199. Scott M. Williams, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, UNC Asheville
200. Kelli D. Potter, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Utah Valley University
201. Neal DeRoo, Professor, The King’s University (Edmonton, Canada)
202. John Muenzberg, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Murray State University
203. Susan Brower-Toland, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Saint Louis University
204. Andrew Lavin, Philosophy Instructor, Butte College and CSU Chico
205. Brian Montgomery, Independent Scholar
206. Lorraine Juliano Keller, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Saint Joseph’s University
207. Michelle Panchuk, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Murray State University
208. Jan Bergstra, guest researcher, University of Amsterdam
209. Pekka Vayrynen, Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of Leeds
210. Joshua Rust, Professor, Stetson University
211. Maria Howard, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Gonzaga University
212. Matt King, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Alabama at Birmingham
213. Jordan MacKenzie, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Virginia Tech
214. Catherine Legg, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, Deakin University
215. Jan Bergstra, guest researcher, University of Amsterdam
216. Stephen White, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Northwestern University
217. Katie McShane, Professor of Philosophy, Colorado State University
218. Elinor Mason, Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara.
219. Robert Pasnau, College Professor of Distinction, University of Colorado Boulder
220. James Fritz, Term Assistant Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University